APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R000'1000'10002-7 ~ ~ N0. I ~ ~ 3 JANUARY i97~ ~ i OF i . APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~ ~ FOR OFF~CIAL USE OHLY JPRS L/8195 3 January '..9 7~ ? ~ TRAHSLATIONS ON SUB-SAHARAN A~RICA FOUO Na, 618 ; U. S.1aINT PUBLit~?TIONS RESEARCH SERVICE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 NOT~ JPttS publieaCions coneain infornwtion pricaarily from foreign newepap~rs, periodicale and bookg, but aleo from newe agency transmisgions and broadcasCe. MaCerials from fnreign-language � sourcee are tranaleted; those from Englieh-language eources are tranerribed or reprii~ted~ with the original phraeing and other chargcteristic~ retained. Headlines, editorial reports~ and material enclosed in brackets [j are supplied by JPRS. 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Ab~cr~cc� The report contains information from African and specialized West ELropean publicatione and radio on political, economic, and eociological developments. 4 1). Kcy ~'ord+ ~nd OocuaKac Analr~is. 17~. Detcriptor~ Political Science X Inter-African Aff. Chana Rwanda Sociology Aagola Guinea Sa~ Tome and Economics B~nin Guinea-Bissau Frincipe Culture (Social ~Botswana Ivory Coast X Sene~al Sciences) Burundi Kenya Seycnelles Technological X Cameroon Lesotho Sierra Leone Cape Verde Liberia Somalia _ i~ Central African Madagascar South Africa Empire Halawi Swaziland Chad Mali Tanzania Comoro Islands Mauritius Togo ' X Congo Mozambique Uganda Djibouti X Namibia Upper Volta - Equatorial Cuinea Niger Zaire Ethiopia Nigeria Zambia l~k IAent~l~ers/Open�Ended Terms Cabon Reunion Gambia Rhodesia 17e. C7SA71 F~eld/GrouD OZ ~ SD~ SC ~ SK Arul~b~l~ty S~utenen~ 19. Securuy Cl~is (lh~s 21. ~'o. ot PrEes FOR UFFIC1,11. USE ~)N(.Y. Lfmited Kuraber of R`~"`~ ~ 45 CopJes Available ~COfA .)~~tts ��~~~~1 ~~~s t h~s 22. F'tice Pa e ~C AS~IFIED �Ow~ wf~f~~1 ~A(V. )�7l1 'JICOMV�OC �~~77�~?) 7HtS FORM MAY 8E PEPRODUCED APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 FOR OFx'ICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/8195 3 January 1979 TRANSLATIOIVS ~1N SUB-SAHARAN AFRI CA ~~ouo No. 6is _ C~ONTENTS PAGE INTER AFRICAN APFAIRS Developn~ent of Electric Poiraer iri Afr3.ca Described (INDUSTRIES ET TR~`.V,AUX D'OUTRFr-MER, Nov 78) 1 Description ef UPDE4, by Lambert Konan InCer-African Electtrical ~taff School, by Bocary Sy, _ R. Bouzonnet Hydroelectric~ty in Africa, by Jacques Francou Aid to French-Speak:Lng Countries, by Antoine Le Clerc European Imrestmeat Bank Loans ~ BOTSWANA ABAED Loan To Fight Against: Foot-and Mouth Disease - (MARCHES TROPT~AUX E:T MEDITERRANEPNS, 15 Dec 78)......... 36 CAl~ft00N Briefs Cooperation Giith USSR 37 _ Aciminie~tr~tive Refor~m 37 _ CENTRAL AFRICAN F1'iPIRE Br ief s Premier's Dialog With Busir.essmen 39 Chinese Aid to Agriculture 39 CONCO Brief s Honey Lenders' Conf erence 4~ Administration of Refinery 40 - a- (IIZ - NE & A-- 122 FOUO] FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 - . , F0~ OFI~ICW. OSE ONLY C.O~TBNTS (Contiaued~ Page _ ~EL? ~ ~ Drir,~s ~ ' lfea UUESCO lk~bece 41 l~nr Airline I~tk . Gl $andi Giit ~or ne~uge~s 41 SffifB~AI. . ~xpsnaion of Diaicar Foxt alAxCBES T~OPIGAtAL BT I~DITE~A~NS, 1 Dec ~78)......... 42 : -6- FOB OFFICIAL IISE O~TLY ' APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY INTER-AFRICAN AF'FAIRS - DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER IN AFRICA DESCRIBED � Description of UPDEA Paris INDUSTRIES FT TRAVAUX D'OUTRE-MER in French Nov 7g pp 807-$08 (Article by Lambert Konan, qeneral director of the Ivory Coast Electrical EnerSY Company and honorary UPDBA presidentj ~ [TextJ It was as a timid auditor that I attended, in the wake of the Ivorian deleqation, the seventh World Enerqy Conference held in Moscow in August 1968. The brilliant tpchnoloqical debate in which the qualfffed repressntatives of the qreat industria'L powers enqaged in that place left very limited room for the enerqy problems in the Third t~orld. It is true that we had been qranted, outside the official conference, the opportunity for about 30 auditors to meet in a small classroom of Nount Lenin Univer~ _ sity in Moscow. The talks were to comr: to an abrupt end, however, because ' we were nct cn the priority list of current concerns. And yet our needs ` were qlar.ing; one-fourth of the world's population, that of the rich coun- - tries, shared three-fourths of our planet's energy resources. For example, electri~:al consumption per resident and per year was more than 1000 time~ ~ greater in Norway than in the Ivory Coas*, but that was too far outside the scope of the debates. . I ha~i spoken in Budapest in ]971 following the U.S. dele3ate and I had note3, as I was t:~ repeat in Detroit in 1979, that the problems of our com- pan.'.as, in dev~elopinq tropical countries, are very far removed from the sut~jects debat.ed in the industrialized countries composinq UNIPEDE [Union of European Pi~oducers and DistributorsJ, CIGRE (International ConfEerence of Large Electriral Systems), the World Energy Conference, etc. ~ First of all, most of our installations are not as large as those of West- ern f.ndustrin~lized countries, whict does ~ot reduce the probleias to be solved, however. Cansidering the low con.sun~ption density of the areas se_+ed and the still ~ very low purchasing power of the people and their specific needs, as well as our meagre financia:l possi.bilities, we must strive for minimum equipment and operatinq costs as much as possible. Accentuated by rapid groWth in 1 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 . [~OEt OFFICIAL U5L ONLY ~ thia initial atage, probleaas of financinq are such, in our countries in a~tich everything has priority, that we are not always in a pc~sition to , adopt the most econrnnical long-tierm golutfon. Equipment ia operated under extremely difficult conditions, due to tlie lack of skilled labor, the mcre than lfn?ited assistance of builders ?o- cated far from our countries, tt?e harshness of the climate and comnunica- ' tions couplicated by distanaes and by a lack of appropriate means. The electrffication of yillages, which took place in Europe ~ an alm~st forqotten past age, is still totally lackinq in our countries and its necessity fs essential for our qoverniaents in order to curb a rural exodus, accelerated in our ccauntries by the lack of i.ndustrial decentralixation. Jobs in the sevondary and tertiary sectors are also concentrated in our capitals, in which the populatfon growth rate is such that it is difficult for the development of our urban aystems to keep pace. ~ One of t'~e main difficulties which we encount~r in our development is the ~ lack of skilled personnel. Althou~gh aast of our companies have been prac- ticinq accelerat~d vocational traininq for many years, needs largely exceed available means. Technical and scientific orfentation is i~ot yQt very widespread aawng our African youth, chara~terized from an early aqe by a tradf~ional environment, unlike the younq Westerner who comes into contact wfth technoloqy fran his birth and qrows up in thfs environment. The rapid appearanoe of new technoloqies, due to the high qrowth rate of enerqy needs, thus requires frequent retraining and reeducation of our staff m~mbers. The difficulti~s encountered at t'~e level of workers and supervi.sors are just as acut~ in the training of younq African enqineers, currently pro- vided in ~Jestern universities or schools because of a lack of local means. TThere are fesw candidates in comparison to the immense needs and the profuse - training, if it is of a very hiqh level, does not always result in im~ediate efficiency ir. tasks currently assigned to them when they become staff inem- bers of our coapanies. This is Why we orqanized technical day sessions in Abidjan in 1969, with the help of my French friends, and they had great response. This involved the meetinq of officials of electricity companies and their engineers, ~ur advisors, instructors and finally buflders of ~lectrical equipment for the productfon, transportation and distribution of electricity in our na- tions. This qreat meeting, which brought toqether Enqlish- and French- speakinq African countries as well as high-level specialists, was to qive rise to the idea of a technical union of the same natur~, bound by fonaal ties and capable of facinq, as a result of its seriousness and scope, all public hearinqs related to our activities. . On 21 May 1970, representatives ~f the electricity companies of 11 African nations met in A~idjan to sstablish this union and to stipulate as its purpose the study of technical, economic and social problems of the 2 FOR OPFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ? ~rrduction, transportiation and distributiion of elQCtrical enerqy, ~.n order - to promote an effective development of inember countries in the interest of the ~~oplas involved. I~c was ~ntitled the "Union of Producers, Transpor~ers and DistribuCors of Electrical Enerqy of African Countries, Madagascar and Mauritius," or UPDEA. 7~he Ivory Coast Electrical Energy Company was then put in charge of draft- i.ng grop~~sed bylaws and internal regulations for the Jnion. I am especially l~a~~y to quote here the words of Ministar Diawara: "I see in your Union a ~ pmgressive fnstrument in the 3ervice oE Afrfca, capable of making its own v~ice heard from now on in great international debates on questions of elec- trical energy." Actually, I had to wait two more ye&rs in order to be able to realize this great hope of my African brothera, i.e.~, from the spe~ker's platform of the - eighth World F:nergy Conference in Budapest. But I must a'lsn say that I never lacked encouragement and solid friendships down this long road. I am thinkinq particularly of tr~;~: suppart and advice provided by the Uni4n of European Producera and Dist;~butors (UNIPEDE). Mr Decelle, the honorary gresident of this Union, also made i~ a point to attend the UPDEA congress held in May 1971 in Abidjan. And it is als~ in keeping with this ~ine of thfnking that we w2re able to be present, in September of the same year, at the 15th conqress of that very important association. As of today, the ilnion includes representatives of the electricity companies of the follawing countries: Congo, Ivory Coast, Can~eroon, Benin, Central Af:~can Empire, Gabon, Ghana, Upper Volta, Mauritius, Liber~a, Mali, Niger, Seneqal, Chad, Togo, 2air~ and Rwanda. The Union includes active members, those of the aforementioned companies, but also affiliate members who, without beinq official operators of our in- dustry, perform a job of technical and economic research and study for the henefit of the electrical enerqy industxy in the respective countries. As nonrestrictive exar.iples, I will mention: mar.ufaaturers of diesel engines, nanufacturers of electrical cables, network builders, ete. In order tn achieve its purn.�~ae UPDEA has: a supervisor}~ board, a permanent general secretariat, study committees and finally, its conqresses and its general assemblies. Unfan members meet in a conqress every two years. Since the last con~ress in Dakar, they have met in a conqress every three years and in a qeneral assembly every year. The Union's official lanquaqes are �rench and EnglS.sh. The Union's headquarters are located in Abidjan. As of this year, Mx Issa Diop, qeneral director of the ~eneqalese Electrical " Energy Distribution Company, has taken over the UPDEA p.esidency and has - thus replaced tne in this position, which i have occupied since the estab- lishment of our Unfon. Tt:ere are currently five study co:~mittees= their ~ number, autta~rity and composition are decided by the supervisory board. In certain crsrYea, the latter may call on specialists who may be selected fr~cn non-Uni~o~i members. As of 1978, official aqencies were represented by: a study camr~i.ttee for standardizatior~ and basfc research, a study cotanittee ` i _ 3 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE UNLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 - ~OR OFPICIAL USE ONLY for inter-African cooperation, a stuay committee for rural electri~~ication, ` ~ a study committee for vcycational training and �inally, a study ccnrm~ititee for bylaws and internal requlations. - Iti i~ not my intention to present here a detailed analygis of tha~ work of each of these committees= however, I beli~ve it is approprtate to giva the reader a few general iaeas of the most aignificant studies. The stiudy oomnittee for inter-African cooperation is primarily devoted to analyzinq the laws applyi~nq to each of the respective companies. It has subsequently given consi~deration tA interconnection possibilities at the level of goveznmant and border regions. Placinq itself on the human level, finally, it has recomnnended that Union members simultaneously pursue a policy of pexniar?ent cotttacts and bilingual trainfhg for managerial per- sannel. � 2h~ study commi.ttee for rural electrification has had a particularly deli- cate task. In fact, with the offic!_a.~ purpose of describing tl'?R blemsgof contributed by electricity to all citizens of the same country, p priority, cost price, even equaliaation aimnq the rate schedu'les of large coaglomerates and those which can be applied to isolated rural areas neces- sarily and quickly arise. .^he IvoY'Y CoASt's experi6r?ce tias been applied in these areas. My old frfer~ds know the enthusiasm with which t have always approached probleu~a of vocational traininq, whether it is ~ question of the ~stablish- _ ment or an electrical trades center for workerg and supervisors or the traininq of engineers and administrative staffs in Western countries, par- ticularly in France. That is, i have followed .~itYi very special attention the establishment of a qroup of experts assign~:d to help us develop a UPDEA project aimed at establishing a school for enoineers in Africa. This ques- tion, of vital importance for our countries and now on the way to becominq a reality, is also ~he subject of a special report and I wi.ll leave it up to fts authors to develop this matter. ttavinq said this, I could not silently overlook tl~e important ties unitinq UPDEA with manY international orqanizations, notably UNIPE~E: it was in , 1972 that a UNIPEDE-UPDEA ~.~oordinating comnittee was set up in order to av~oid duplication in the store of knowledc~e and to promote its disseminatfon. Our Union enjoys advisory status with the United Nations Educational, Scien- tific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as well as with the Uni+ted Nations Industrial Development Orqanization (UNIDO). It r~aintains solid relations with the International Bank for Reconstruction and Develop~ent (IBRD)� the African Developnent Bank (ADB) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA'. For the Purpose of widening its audience, it reports on the developmen* of its activities with other governr�?ent institutions, such ~ as the Orqanization of African Unity tOAU), the West African Economic Can- taunity (CEAO), the Inter-African Commission on Hydraulic Studies (CIEH), the Seneqal River Development Organization (OMVS), the itfger River 4 - FOR OFFICIAI. US8 ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~OR OFk'ICIAL U5E ONLY . ('ommission, the Maghrebian Electiricity Commissiori (COMELCC), tha Benin Elec- trical Community (CEB) and the Econamic Community of Grea~ Lake Coun~ries - (CF,PGL) . Tha UPDEA is also in constant tiouch with the International Cot?mission for : Large Dams (CIGB), the Snternatiional Conference of Large Electrical Systems (CIGRE), the ~dison ~lectric Institute (~EI), the Internatfonal Electrotech- nical Commission (CEI), thp T.nternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and finally, ths World ~nergy Conference. - Similarly, the Union ha~ maintained a continuous dialog with the British ~lectrinal and Allied Manufacturers' Assoaiation (BEAMA) and the Trade Union Group of Frencti Elec~xical Equipment Industrie:~ (GIM~E). The main purpose of such a dialog is the adaptr~tion of eq~:ipment r~anufacturing to predominant operating conditions in Africa. - Since the establishment of UPDEA, six congresses and general assemblies ~ have been held in the Ivnry Coast (1970 and 1971), Mauritius (1972), Liberia (1973), 7,aire (1976) and Senegal (1978). The supervisory board _ has met 11 times: in Liberia, Niger, Senegal, Madagascar, Zaire, Ivory Coast, Togo and Gabon. As is apparent from thi5 slightly t~~iious but necessary list, the UPDEA _ has now been accpeted by the highest international authorities concerned With our profession. _ However, in conclusion, it must be pointed aut that the UPDEA is not a political organization; it is essentially a union of enginee rs, technicians and managers searching together for the best ways to develop electrical energy on the African continent by reconciling the profitability require- nents of our companies with the yer~eral interest requirements of our various countries. Inter-African Electrical Staff School Paris INDUSTRIES ET TRAVAUX D'OUTRE-MER in French Nov 78 pp 862-864 [Article by Bocary Sy, general secretary of the Union of Producers, Trans- porters and Distributors of Electrical Energy of African Countries, Madagascar and Mauritius (UPDEA), and R. Bouzonnet, expert with ttie Ivory Coa~*_ Electric Po~,rer Conpany (EECI)] [Excerpt] The Union of Producers, Transporters and Di.stributors of Electrical Energy of African Countries, Madagascar and Mauritius (UPDEA) considers human training a priority among many problems. Significant efforts have already been made in Africa by companies producing and distributing electricity to train their workers and supervisory staff - me~bers. In toany countries, all or almost all needs are being met by staff 5 :'OR OFFICIaL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 _ ~ ' F~OR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY r members who have received t:raining in schools established in Africa, but - the problem of management r~~mains. At thQ present time, young X~eople who have chosen the profession of elec- - trical engineer must take their hi.gher studies abroad. Most of them are ~ ' holders of sch~larships granted either by governments or by electricit,y companies, but despite this, some of tihem no longer wish to return ta ti~eir countries, preferring to see:c work ~broad for vz~�ious reasons. Others are inclined to prolong their studies excessively and to prematurely take com- plementary higher instructiom i.n economics, manaqe?nent, humanities, etc. In addition, knowledge acquic~ed in Europe or A;.3..rica is not always well suited or immediately useful ~o young engineers for the basic tasks which _ they will have to assume in tYieir own countries. This is why the UPDEA has decided to establish in Africa a school to train er~gineers for member companies, according to criteria rt?ore in keeping with t;ieir needs. Beginning in 197~1, UPDEA's supe~visory board therefore com-- ~:nissioned its permanent committee on voc~tional training to study the main lines of the project and to conduct a preliminary inquiry among member co~anies concerning their need:~ for engineers. In 1975, the UPDEA also asked the International Union oi' Electric Power Producers and Distributors (UNIPEDE) to appoint zn expert tr~ission to conduct a feasibility study on - the school and to def,ine the requirements for its completion. After examin3.ng the reports of ttie experts and consulting all UPDEA members, the UPDEA's supervisory board decided the following: The school will be established in the Ivory roast, next to an electrical _ trades center near Abidjan; it wi11 offer preparatory instruction (1 year) _ and the courses required for trair.iinq electrical engineers (4 years). Courses wil]. be given in French or English equally. Preparatory sections as well as sec:tions of applied courses for graduate enqineers may be opened in other Ur~ion countries. It was decided that a section of applied courses will be opened in Zaire, where specialized train- ing in the area of hydroelectric.ity will be offered. - Other sections of applied courses mtiy be opened later in various countries: ~ application of nuclear engineerinq, data processing, solar energy, ete. - The school will be open not only to engint�~rs of UPDEA member companies, but also, according to procedures tn be defined, to future engineers in- tending to work in all occupational areas of electricity. :he school will keep possibilities ~~pen for providing continued training of workinq technical staff inembers and graduate engineers. 6 - FOR OT_'r'LLIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 FOR U~FICIAL USE ONLY - Means Utilized �or Pro~ect Implementation At ~he suggestion oF UNIPEDE experts and in orde r to successfully carry out the completion of f~s project, UPD~A set up a sponsorship committee com- posed of UPDEA members, representatives of major European schools or insti- ' tutions and international universities and organizations (UNESCO, UNIPEDE). Mr Decelle, former UNIPEDE presidQnt, has been appointed chairman of this - commi.ttee. Thi.s committee plays an advisory role foz the UPDEA's supervisory board and the team in charge o� the project. A work group derived from the sponsorship committee and particularly in- , cluding professors from the Lausanne Federal Polytechnic School, the Paris Graduate School o� Electricity and the Thames and Central London Polytech- ~ nic, has therefore been operating for several months in coordination with officials of ~~he project team. The sponsorship committee has therefore taken a very large part in working ~ out instruction methods, the schedule of studies and programs, in defining technical and teaching equipment and in the design of the buildings. In addition, the sponsorship committee will provide assistance in recruiting and training teachers. Project Consistency Acceptance Capacity - The annual needs expressed by the member companies aor~sulted by UPDEA for the 1978-1980 period vary from 44 to 68 engineers annually. It has been decided that longer-term studies in this area will be pursued in coordina- tion with the educational systems in each respective country. But consid- ~ ering the rapid growth of electric power consumption in African countries, entailing a very considerable expansion of company staf~s, it is conceiv- ~ able that the number of engineers needed for future years, beginning in _ 1984 (probable date of the first graduating class), will be higher than that anticipatecl as of 1980. Based on these considerations, the UFDEA has therefore decided to set the nt,;~iber of students in each graduating class at 48, with 60 students in the preparatory year. Since the length of studies is 5 years, including the preparatory year, the school will have to accept 252 students on a cantin- uous basis. In addition, 32 places will be reserved for further training , of ex~:erienced engineers. :hus the planned acceptance capacity will a~t?ount to 284 students. - 7 _ FOR OFFICIAI, USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~Oit O~I~ICIAL U5~ ONLY , ' , _ U~garip~iar~ of tngtruction 7'he generel instru~,tian o~f~r~d at tihe gchool will b~ ~~t a univ~rgity level, r~e etipu~etied by the varioug Upa~:A euthnriei~g, with studies being mainly " oriented toward elec~ricei engineeri,ng frnm the behi~ninq. The echonl will aleo prnvidp for all speciali~~ed end gppl~ed technir.~?1 inetruction. Tha school will be c?riginel in ~,het i~ will train younq enqineer~ to be iaua~- diatiely "opKrnti.onal" wS.~hin companieg. Z~he totel Courae of theoreticel and practical treinir.g will be officially reco~nized by en ~nqineerinq deqr~e igsued by the school. ~ngin~ero will heve ta be able en s~cielize eutd technically ndapt in the - fol~owinq mein areass ~nQrgy produceion: hydreulicgt thermal tfuel oil, c~al, nuclear)t diesel and qes turbines and to f~llor+ the development of all Loxmg of new enerqy. Llc~ctric power transportations int~rconnection stations, AistriUution stationss transportation line~, pc~wer tre.ngmigsion. L�'lectric power distribution: hiqh-vo lteqe, mediwa~voltage and low-voltage _ dietributl~on systemss supply of private residencest public distribution stationst sub~criber distribution stationst industrial inatallatiunss sub- scriber instaltations. - _ Application and us~ of elec~:ricity: various electrical mechines davelop- inq horsepowerj lighting of buildingss thermal applicatior~st refriqeration and cold prcductiont air c4nditionir?g= electrochemistiry. - Manageaaent: this training will be subject to very speciel attention. Organization of Studies 1.inguistic 'craining zn view of the bilinqual character which the UPDEA wants to give to the instruction, it is essential that the student be abl~ to take coursea and express himself in French and Enqlish from the beqinninq of his schoo.linq. Thus there is qood reason to arrang~ beforehand, in the preparatory ssc- tion, an intensive period of linquistic trainfng for learninq the lanquage _ to which he is unaccuatomed. Course of Studi~s The general 5-year pl.dn of studies is summarized in the table on the pre- cedinq paqe. The yeAr's ~+ork is arranged i~ three cycles, within r+hich ~ there are three vacation perfods. 8 FOR OFFICIAL USB ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 F'Olt C~F'I~'tCIAL US~, UNLY ni~triburic~n of Cycleg 'Pwo ~tucly Cyrles will be h~id in the ~stablighnx3nt, eaCh la~eing 17 weeka. An 11-week work ~yCl~ aill tako plac:e lii a company, durinq which an enyi- ne~r~ng ~tiudent wi11 perform an ectual jobs at the end ef the trainin~ p~riod, he mu~t writ~ a report. Teaching Methnds in~tiruction hae been clegsified into qro upa: 5ocial ~ciences, ~n dafined berausQ by being conc:ernett with everything re- qardinq m~tn in soci~ty in qeneral end in the cortQany's orgenizsti4n, they qrou~ toqethQr linguiaeic training, m~ans of ~xpresdion, ~conomics, orqani- ~ation enQ humenities. Mathematicg, oriented according tc~ their uge in scientific and technical area$, represent the baeic instruction of the enyi~~eer',~ firgt years of traininq. The cateqoriee of "ele~triciey" end "mechanics, th~zmodynamics and chemiu- Lry" (MTC) cor?etituCe the enqineer's qroup of scientific diaciplines. Professional projects, whose purpose is tn prepere the younq staff ~mber for industrial life, r,omprige three levels of concerns 1) An introduction to opQrations by.wey of performinq practical projecte, in the wdrkshop or at the job~itet 2) M intiroduction to supervisory operations, by way of exerci~tes on or- - qanization, work preparation and takinq charge of t!+,ams of workers, will enable the gtudent to become aware of the difficulties encountered ~ in this professior?A?1 cateqory, which is the natural ~aidpoint bstween workers end manaqement personnel= 3) A pceparation for de~iqn enqineer functiong, coverinq the technical ~ areas of el~ctric por+er produrtion, transportetion and distribution = companies and development engin~:er. The qenerel nnd scientific instruction yill be administered as prescribed in the form of lecture-denanstrations provided to the entire clnss; super- iised and professional practical projects will be carried out by small qrvups of 24, 16 or 8 students. Group projects will elone represent more than half of the ti~ne devoted to these disciplinQS. The adjacent teble shaws the distribution of instruction. 9 POR OPPICIAL USE OvLY - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 , FOR 01~pICIAL U~~ nNLY tt importiar?t to point outi that prof~ooionai proj~Cts ropr~su?t 45 percant of th~ n~r of houra of instruction, r+ith 50 weQks af taraininq in the , ca~+er~i~s~ es vo11. Pro~QCt io~itm~ntation linancinq , Finsr?ainq of investmeats, which wiil emc~nt to e?Fcroximnt~ly 3.5 billion CFA frenas, will b~ providod by subeidies or l~,nq-term loaru of intorna- t~onai orqanizationa `r UpD~A manbers. ~ I~? addition, na~innal or intaernationai cooperative orqanisations wiii a~alce gtuaent t'eila+ship~s nvailable or will provid~a for tha aast o~ cartia?in t~aching positions, ir? order to of~set operetinq axp~ns~s. School Term The ap~niriq of ttw schooi is scheduled for 15 Sept~~r 1979 !or a prepara- ' tory year. Buildinqa kili be compie~ted in sevarsi stdqes and will be put into service in e~ccordance with the schc~oi's naeds, a~ t2w first class a6- vences. Inatruction in the same activity qro~ will be administer~d in the seme buildinq: qenerai instruction, mechar~ics, thermodynemics, chamis- . tryt electricity, technicai studiess etc. , The school w~ll have a boardinq system, with students b~inq hou~ed in . rooas af four, tao ar or?e persana, depending on the year of their schooi- � iriq. The sctaol's studenta wiSl enjoy the use of the group insLallatioar (swiaiming pool, ail-sport stadium) of the neiqhborir~q trad~es cent.+-. Operaticx~ o! School ' Instruction in each discipline wiil be provided by tbe saior suropsan schools or orqanizetions vhich hav~e cor~cluded an aqre~meat with th~ ESI1?E ~ ~expansion unknoxnl: the,~e are the Lausaane FeAeral Qolytechnic School, ~ the Paris Gradmte School of Electricity, London Central Polytechnic aad ' t1NIPED6. Under this aqreement, the oontributinq orqanization wiii provid~ for the formulation of course:, ctwios of equipment for laborst.orl.as, the supervision and outfittinq of the latter, the instruction and trainiaq of African teachere in this discipline and possibly the acxeptenaG of qra~duata enqineers for specializatior?. The eSiAE is a specialized Ssistitutias of the UPt~As it will thus be ad- �iniatered by the UPDEA's supervisory board and a supervisory boarQ nhich will be cc~posed of VP06A representatives, fndividuaU selected ~or their c~om~etence in the area of eitectric power or scientilic research and repre- sentatives of Eur�pean scheols and orqar~izations vhich have siqaed instruc- ' tion aqreements with the ESIAE. ~ 10 POit OFFICIAL US8 Ot~1I.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~UR O~~ICIAL U5~ CNJ.Y The repre~~ntativee of ~urnpean schnol~ and organizations will thue be able to r~st asaurscY that th~ objective~ d~fined in the framework nf ehe project are properly kept end will be abl~ tn ~ake the r~quired gtieps to achipvQ them. Thta fl.rgt cla~s wi11 qraduate frot~ the ~chool in 5 years and et lea~t 5 - yQere will be n~eded t.o detc~rmine the value of the engine~rs trained and - thus t,c~ establtgh the ingtitutiion'g reputaeion. ~'hus thio is a long-term task which has been undertaken, as alaays when it is a questfon of hua~an traininq, as r~acallQd by thia old Chinese proverb: "Plant ah~at if you are planr~inq 1 year ahead, plant a tree if you are planning 10 years ah~ad, instruct the people tf you are planninq 100 yeare ~head." Nydroelectricity in Africa Parie INDUSTRZES E'I' TRAVAUX D'OUTR~-MER in ~'rench Nov 78 pp 814-817 [Article by ,7acques Francou, assistant chief of the EvF (French Electric . Power Companyl F'oreiqn ~ngineering Center (Uepartc~ent of Foreiqn Affairs and ~ooperatiot~) ~ (T.xtJ This vnst subject, whose analysis aould greatly , exceecl the scope of th is article, hns already been the subjecti of vety intaresting approaches in the special issue (aQCember 1974) ahich this journal devoted to el.ectricity in Africa. On the technical level, a tn~r8 coaiplete study should consider the character traits Which qive hydroelectricity in Africa a"pattern" of its owns ciemand is most often oriented toward "basic" enerqy, whereas "peak" sites are beinq sought awre and m4re in hiqhly industrialized countries; in addition, the qeoloqy, hydroloqical systems and available materials have a char- acter that mdst be recoqnized and thorouqhly studied. But it is especi~lly at the level of worker skills that the context is fundamentalZy different fraa the European con- text. For examples labor--qenerally not very skilled-- is abundant, whereas"rt~anaqers" are extremely rare. The upshot of all this is t:.at technoloqies, patiently devel- ~ o~ed under other skies, are not directly transferrable and can even lead to serious errors: the search for nec- essary--or economically attractive--adaptations will lead the planner toward an "African style" of hydroelectric development, which will become obvious and be confizmed as experience is acquired. This is a mattez for special- ists who will establish the project or take charge of its implementation once the decisfon to invest }u+s been a~de. Sut s+hat are the bases of a decision? What is the Afrfcan 11 FOR OFFI~IAL IiSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 FOR OFFICIAL U8~ ONi.Y ~ "whitre coal"~ And what econoa?ic advantaga cen tha ooun- txie~ inwlved hops to derive? These ~u~ questiions for ahich a synthetic essay, inevitably very faperfeati, can provida eonw partint an~wQrs. l. Tha African Hydraulic Potential tto a~mplete inventrory has been talcar?~ but ~e economicaily obtaineble African potential can be a~etl.matefl at 1000 TNh IZ'erawatt-hour) in row?d - nuaabers. This epproxim~tian is probably not ti.oo fax off, sinca hai~ of tihie potentiai is cancentreted on the lowar course of the Zaire Riv~r: 300 Tw'h for the Grand inqa projact an8 200 TWh for a devalopmant lmmediatelY - upstraam, with the remainber being obtaine!! from the r.apida altor Kinshasa an8 Bras~aville. 1000 T`M is a oonsicierable gigure if w~ consi~r that 60 or 70 TWh are currently being obtaine8, already includinq several devel- cpments of. respeetak~le size. This is also a considerable fiqure if a~e try to caapare it ~.o the hydroelec- ~ tric possibilitie~ of tihe eatire worid: they are even less well kno~+n then those of Africa, but it is believed that they could be on ~e order of 30~0 to 4000 TWh for st.tll unuaed anH eoonomicaily obtainable resources. _ And yet the ?000 African TWh wfil be relatively insiqnfcica.lt in r~+latioa to the extxeme e~nergy-consuming hunger which has qripped the racld: speak- ing only~ of alectricity conaumpt,ton, serious estimttse placa it aC 11ppt'07t~- aately 25,000 Ti~Jh by t:~e year 2000. African hydraulics thus oontribute approximat~ely 4 percent to world elec- tricity psroduction, an initially disappointinq propcrtion, but Whfch has as its corollary the ca~viction that these resources should be utilized within the near future. - This is in ar~ "ideai" worid, it is true, unfortunately ~ore hypothetical than obtaining 1000 TNh in Africa. Still, in the w~r18 such as~it is, the deve"~opment of this storehouse of energy is cucrently aalcin9 viqorous strides, which Will p~~bably oontinue to acvelerate. 2. Distribution of Resources ' one part of the Afr:r.at~ con~ir?ent is oon~posed of desertss ~~r P~rt is faced with the distressing problem of water resources which are inadeqti.lte for satisfyinq essential ne~ds ar~d hydreelectricity Mill fir~d no applics- ' tion there. If resources are thus distributed v~ary unequally, they nev~ertheless enjoy ~ an important qeoqraphic advantaqe: most hiqhrou.~ut and wortbwhile sites are locate~! a short distanoe from the ooast: ic~.nkoure. Sassa:Wra, 12 F0~ OPPICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 I FOIt OF~ICIAL U5~ ONLY Akogc>mbo, Sanaga, dqoou~, Kouilou and inga, jugt to rt?antinn a few examplea. Thie ~narqy can be tranamitted at relativ~ly law exp~nge to the vicinity of a port and can b~ c~nsidered "exportable." 3. Energy-Need, F.nerqy-Resource Certain African netions must th~refore consume oil in order tn meet tiheir needss othere will gind an impc~rtant contrib~:ti~~n to thege ne~ds in hydro- ~alectrici~ys finally, otherg pt~sB~~e ~ very c~~utid~nt gtore, which may be- ,:rnne one of the driving for~es of their econo?niess this is what we will call thP enerqy-resource. The~ table at the end vf thie article is compiled on the besig of world st~tis tiius and clasaifies the various cowntries in decreasing ordgr of theix electricel consumption in rela~ion to their gross natfonal product IGNP~. These statistics have several qaps a:~d the ffgures, difficult to compile, are provided without any guarantee of their accuracy: sometime~ they vary appreciably from one source of information to enother and undeserved accu- racy mus~ n~t be attributed to the values listed, rather the entire list must be considered more qualitatively as furnishing orders of ms~qnitude. The countries have been arranqed in four groups: nwr.e than 300 kWh (kila+att-hour) per F 1000 ~NP= between 300 and 150 kWh; between 150 and 75 kWhs and less than 75 kWh per F 1000 GNP. An initial observation demands recoqnition: there is no correlation (in � the arithmetic sense of the term) between a country's ecc~nomic level and its ele~ctrical consumption. Saudi Arabia and Norway, with comparable eccnomic levele, consurae 10 kWh per : 1000 on one hand and abre than 500 kWh on the other, and the reasons ~or this are obvious. it may also be nQted that France, aawng highly industrialized nations, turns out to be particularly thrifty with electric powers in this ma~:ter each political entity has its own orientation. If ~lectricity o~nsumption cannot therefore be considered a barc+net,F:r of ~ prosperity, it is nevertheless apparent that developed countries utilize their hydroelectric possibilities until their enerqy needs are satisfied - or until natianal resources are exhaust~d. Developinq countries are at the dawn of utilizing this natural wealth and it is interestinq to rwte tha place of African nat~ons in the classifica- tian shaan: rare at the top of the table, they are the majority in the last qroup. It is obvious that Zaa~bia and Rhodesia awe their position in the first . qroup to the recent completion of a sinqle sizable hydraulic development; arxl if Zaire wAre to have access tom~rrow to the enerqy from the Inqa 2 de- yelopment (9.6 TWh), it would move to the head of the qsoup. 13 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY , Not awcpxieingly, among the countri.~s with ver~? low consumptions ares Chad, Upper Volka, Mauritiania and Libyas but also couneries considerably better ~ndow~ed by neture: Madagagcar, Congo and Guinea, in which conaec- ~ tion iti may be wondered if they are not thus neqlect3.nq ar? importar?t _ privileqe. ~ 4. Costi of Developmentis if we divide the cost of a development by i~ annual Pctential praductivity, we obtatn a"per kW1'?-Year" price, the most imnediat~e crit~erfon of ths in- trinaic value of the sites, at least insofar as ~the production o� "basic" ~ energy is voncerned. - This criterion can vary broadly between F 0.20 and F 2.60 (1978 r'~'), the ranqe aithin which it is situated. - it is also a current prac~ice to con~are the hydraulic development wiYh an _ equfvalenti thermal plant: the comparison stwws (with vexy rare excepti~ns) - a hiqher inveatment in ti.he hydraulic developinent than in the tihmxmal plant� If we divide this hiqher investment by the anr?ual fuel ~avings, w~e obtafn an approximate picture of the developAent~~ rate of pro=itabi~ity, ahich only a canplete economic study ca� fuxnish with accuracy. The approximate picture is sufficient to oompare vario~s hydraulic develoP~- ~ents and tt~is is ehe purpose of the table at the ead of this article. In the firs~ part of the table, about 15 French river developments (Rhine and Rhone) ha~ve b9 B.COIfitheydhad nc~t alreadYibeen oomple ed,~thesede el- ` as of 1 Januaz7t 1 opments would n~o doubt still be planned (even aoncurrent].Y witih auclear A sliqht " developments) and thus they represent a valid European reference. variation in thMk~4~~M~~a t~l2percent forrthe approximate ra+~.eofat _ F 1.20 for the Y profitability. Same African developinentswhich have been Planned� axe u~e~+ay or rec,-ently put into service, have been classified in the second ~ t de elopments� . The reader Mill probably reqret not seein9 scme ibpo there (Kar3ba, saad el Aali, Alcosombo. Kafue. Cabora-Sassa). whose economic data we were unable to find. . Even inoouQlete, the classifica~:ion is particularly signifiaant: exceedin~ or neurly exceedinq the EuraPean reference are developmeats ~?ith q~ro~ . hydrology and fallinq bela+ thislsamenvaeri~cal expressicn opf a truth of a~ hydrology. This is basicnlly ots Y tfora of FLab1. (The fiq- La Palice: hydroelectricfty is� abo~e all, a ques ures reqardinq the equivalent thermal plant awd fuel savinqs are those of the article by wc t~oqer Millot and Mr Jaa~es 1?pertet in this journal. ) 14 ~OR OFPICIAL OSB O~iLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 I ~OIt t~~~ICIAL USL tlN1,Y ~'inally, the third part concerns development-resources, i.e., tho~e whose capacitie~ exc~ed the m~dium-term needs of their imr.?ediatQ environment end which ar~ justified only by exportation or the eimulrarieous establlshr~Qnt of a coneumer industry, whether ~lomegtic or forEign. in this case, there is no lonqer any ~quivalent therttial plant, since the hydraulia davelopmenti doea not meet a need= and it may b~ conaidered that the savinqs is of "ex Europe" fuel, whose price is generally much less than that of "ex Africa" fuel. To the extent that these sir.g~lifying hypotheses are accepted, the enc~rgy- = reuource is thus heavily penalixed in relation to ~he enerqy-rieed and will remRin the attri.bute af very hiqh-value sites. ~ Expsrience pr~v~s that such sites actually exist in Africa and we have ` . listed the figures for the Grand Inqa pro~ect next to inya 2 and Song- Loulous although completion cannot be considered im~ninent, we could not speak of an energy-resource without mentioning this exceptional potentit~l. It is possible to inst~ll at Inga, in a single plant, 40,000 MW ~expansion unknown~, wr.fch would produce 300 TWh annually, absolutely quara.~teed. Impleanentation is anticipated in a qradual fashion, in 13 identical in- stalLnents, each producinq 23 'i'Wh. In oil savinqs, fiqured at 9.7 centimes (1978) per kWh, the first installment would be paid off fn 4.5 years, whereas each of the following 12 instal Lnents would pay for itself again every 10 m~nthsl . . . ~ 5. High-Voltage Power Transmission--Energy Carriers One of the recognized advantages of electric power is in the apparent ease with which it can be transmitteds and actually, in European countries where networks are very dense and distances short, this appearance is not misleadinq. nut the case is completely different when lines have more modest capacities and especially when disL�ances are on the 1~frican scale. If we wi~h to qo from the site of production to a distant point of consump- - tfon (let us say 1000 kilometers) without makinq it necessar.y to provide intermediate breakinq stations, the technical and economic solution con- sists of rectifyfng the current in order to transmit it "continuously." It is still necessary to make sure that the final result (hydraulfc in- ~ stallation + conversion stations + linej remains favorable. In suc:h a representative case, t~e economic studies on the installation and line should be conducted at the same time and, in order to av~oid any surprise, . the res~ective busi~ess t~ansactions should also be concluded at the sanie time. 15 FOR OFFICIAL [iSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 I I~OIt OFPICIAL US~ ONLY ~ The final r~su].ti maY reveal thati ~he co~t of tih~ lin~ ie by far the 1arg~,~ti, which leads tu tihe conclu0ion--in th~ African cont~xti and contrary to ac- - capted ideae--that eiec~rtcsty? i8 poorly trnnamittede in any ca~a iti can- - not be ex~rted in this form to other continents, which 1~ada to a consid- ~ eration of uginq oeher ~n~rgy carriers. Uranium ~nrichment by gas diffusion would probably b~ ~he id~ai carrier: tihis tec:hnique, wnich consumes g a~reae ~a~eunt of ~lectricity, has t~en per- fectedt but the prok~l~ms poged ar~ of a rature ath~r tihan technical. Electrolytic hydroqen could ba another pogsibility, currently th~ sub~ect of numerous studieg. But the manner of coneid~aration differg nc~tebly from _ one contin~n~ to the other. ~urope, rrhich could usp and transpor~ hydroqen in the gag~ous state, has avRilable only expensive kWh ~nd ciueetion~ of yield are tiherefore of prime ~ importance. Ai:tca, ~_n th~ vicinity of thR most attractive hydraulic sitea, could produce "exportiable" hyclroqen beqinning todays but how would it be trans- ported? Liquid hydroqen7 Hydrides? The question remains open. ~lithouC rulinq out any solution, f t is ~bviou~s that the te~st eleqant one - would be to un8ertake a redistxibution of the cards internationally, which - would l~ad to the establishment of large energy-~onsuming ins~ustries in the i~mmediate vicinity of the best enerqy sources.. and Africa would ~tien receive excellent cards in the game. 6. The "Smal]. Hydraulic" Installation � We have seen that the most econamical ar?d cast po~werful sites are fortu- nately located within a relatively short distance from the coastline (enerqy-resource), but also that trans~aission ~f thia enerqy to the in- terior is very expensive. Moreover, it is qenerally agreed that the int~rior of the vagt continent has attractive and sizable sites, the raost obvious of which are al-eady being developed (enerqy-need). laut still becau$e of the cost of transmis- - si~n, their "effective radius" will be a13. the aqre limited as their in- ~ trinsic value is less exceptional. ~ees this megn tP~at the rest of the continent is dooa~d te burn diesel oil ~ in order to satisfy a generally modest and very scattered demand? Nothinq is less certain and small hydraulic installations ~from 100 kFl to 1 or 2 MM) should provide an attractive solution when water resources are adequate. A paradoxical and aLnost vexing observation aiay actually be mades in France (where penetxation of the EDF system is complete), about a thousand hydraulic installations of less than 1 t~l are operatinq to the satisfactiAn of their users, who would otherwise abandon them in fav~or of the EOF 16 FOR OFPICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~bit UP~I~IAL U5~ nNLY ~upply= in AfriCa--wher~ eh~rmal ~n~ryy i~ ~till muCh mor~ ~xp~neiyg--gma11 hydrauliC in~tall~tiong ar~ c~xeremely rare. mhis qep, eurprisinq at firet~ hao its reaeonst in ~rei~~~, b~raug~ of Ch~ pr~dotninan~~ d~ ~h~ nn~l pnwer ~nd ehank~ tn a very compiete transmig~ion gygt~m, hydr~uiic energy ig a~wayg "mark~t~1~" ~nci adapting ~c~ th~ irr~gularity ~f hyclrologie~l ~ygtem~ ig ~agy. In Afric~, on th~ eontrary, wh~re gu~ranee~d ~n~rgy ig goughe, it must b~ pc~s- ~~bl~ to hav~ avai18b1~ a~angtiane floa of aaeer or td provide an agga- ciated th~rmal installation. Gc~nomicelly, Che ~tudi~~ tc~ be ~dnd~~cted for progpecting ~ git~ and g~t~ tinq t~ a project ~r~ not prd~rtion~l ta eh~ pnwer of the dpv~lopm~ne: i~? the eag~ of ~m~11 in~eallationg, eh~ir ~xpen$~ may beCom~ prnhibiei.ve. it ig not le~g a fact tih~ti the gmall bydraulic in~tali~tinn i~ rurren~sy experi~ncing a very jugtified renewal of int~regt and thae f.t may ~ikely offer ettractiv~ solutiong in Afri~~: in rhis journai, M. ~nin'g article discuge~g eome af them. But the path is complptely virqin and Afrira is hug~. 5ie~-by-glt~ , prospectin~ ig out nf l.h~ quegtion. The problem desprves--in my opinion-- bo be apprc~ached by an "in ab~tra~tn" ~tudy a~ rompl~te ag po~gibl~a b~fore eaibarkinq on practical solutions. 7. importanre of ltydroloqical Meagur~mentg iie had the opportunity to obgerv~ earlier that the valve of a c~ve~op~rent fanwll ox larq~) was directly related to the flow of the riv~r or stream in question. This is an obvious fact, but who is clearly ar?are of it? it happens very often that oncQ the gtructure has been put into operation~ the hydroloqy~ turns out to be different from the "planned" hydroldqy. The planner, who can do nc~thing ahouC this, will tnn r~adiS~y be held respon- sible, since surpriseg in this case are always bad surpris~s: if there is l~ss wat~r than anticipaeed, the np~t~tion'~ ~c~raaic outco~aw may be jeopardizedt on the other hand, it there is mote, there will ba regr~ta over underdeveloraient and of thus losing particularly attractive taarginal proc~uction. There may be even more serious fears: insufficient dimensioninq of the ~ spillway qate, ~+hich is often a difficult an8 alNav~ expensive structure. For example, the Kariba site s~as fac~d oaith th~ "millenial" flood tfeqinning the first year, and ttie "deca-millenial" flood the second year which means, Lo put it trore sia~ply, that the hydrol~qy of the 7.aiabezi wes defi- nitely not well knam at the time. it Was necessary to repair the damaqe, qo ove= calculations, plens and specifications in the raiddle of a disast~r and redimc:nsion the qate on a larqer scal~. All this is now just an 17 ~Oet OFFICIAL U5~ ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~OR d~~ICIAL U9~ ~NLY en~cdntel manwry, b~~ whae would it hav~ b~~n if th~ "d~c~-mill~niral" flood had not occurr~d untii 4 y~arg letiar, af~~r ~he dam wgg c~mpl~~d and filled? . . ~ ~~tteY kr~wl~dg~ af hydralogie~l ~y~t~ baFic for product~ve water u~e, _ an ~sgentiai regourG~ of ~ na~ion= an~ c~aea coll~~tion is ~ long-ti~rm proj- ~Q~ ta Which a1i of itg d~gerv~d impcyrtance i~ r~r~iy grant~de thi~ r~- hulr~~ ~ r~~pon~ibl~ p~r~on ~n ahare~, a 1itele ~~t~ntion, mu~h knowledg~ . ~nd ~v~n muGh mor~ ~r~~ver~nc~, but v~ry 1it~~e nwn+~y. 8. Trangf~ar nf T~chnic~l Capitgl llig~orically, hydr~uli~ ~n~rc~y ig eh~ only t~chr~otogy to hev~ widely pr~- ' ~~d~d indugtriai civili~a~ions i~ maini,y r~uir�~~ ineuitiv~ but practica~ cnnc~ptg: pr~ggur~~, h~ightg, florr~, a11 vtgibt~ c~n~ities Whog~ m~aning ig imn~adi~t~. ~r~tr~ ~hi~ ~tanc~point, ,t ig r;�~ oppogite c~f c1a~~ica: ~ th~rm~l en~rc~?, which i~ acceg~ible only at !h~ pric~ of high-perfornance ~quipment, the r~~ult nf a11 typeg oc gtudies which are far from being intuit~v~. The transitiona~ prc~c~sg leading tc~ nuc~ear thernal ~an~rc,~ i~ even mor~ acr~ntuat~d: the ph~nomena which make it pcygsible ~o harness nucl~ar en~rgy can be discovered, underetood ~nd ~~~imila~ed only as a regult of lonq ~nd diffiCUlt gtudieg anc~ th~ reactor itgelf is fill~d with sophis- ticated equipment mea~ti~ring quentities which are v~ry my?sterious at first ~ gight. Thu~ begides pureiy economic ~pectg, hydraulic ~nergy i~ the only typ~ (along with the windmill to hold the notable trump card of sim- plicity. Thus--and this is even truer of the "srr.iaall-hydraulic installa- tion"--it offers to international cooperation one of the surest ways of t~ckiinq itg main probiem: the transfer of technicai capital frea~ indus- trailiscd nationg to d~v~lopinq nations. Yes: hydroelectricity ig an excellent card in the qaim~ of Africa. 18 FOR OFPICtAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~Oit O~~~CTAL U5~ dNLY ~l~atric Power 1976 Wor1d 9tatietiics 1. Populaeion in millions x. c~roea Nati~nal ~mduct in bil~iona of francg 3. Electri~ power in TWh . 4. Quotient: kWh per F 1000 GNP 1 2 3 4 Surinam 0.4 2.6 1.G 615 *2ambie 5.0 7.1.5 7.0 609 *South Afriaa 75.4 150.0 78.0 520 Norway 4.0 146.0 75.0 ~14 ~ ICeland U.2 5.3 2.3 433 " Romenia 21.0 124.0 53.0 4x7 ' $ulqeria 8.7 78.0 29.0 372 ~Rhode9ia 6.0 16.2 6.0 370 NeW 7ealattd 3.0 56.0 21.0 362 U3SEt 256.0 2970.0 1050.~ 353 - Luxembourg 0.35 10.0 1.4 340 Yugoslavia 21.0 135.0 43.0 318 Canada 23.0 911.0 283.0 311 Albania 2.5 6.7 1.8 267 South Korea 34.6 90.0 24.0 2E7 United States 215.0 8100.0 2116.0 261 Chi1e 10.4 36.4 9.4 258 GDR 16.8 314.0 79.0 252 Sweden 8,0 344.0 86.0 250 United Kingciom 56.0 1036.0 256.0 247 C~echoslovakia 14.8 241.0 59.0 295 Finland 4.7 133.0 32.0 240 ~ Colombia 23.5 61.0 14.0 2~Q ~2aire 25.0 . 17.0 3.8 225 Poland 34.0 442.0 96.0 217 Nunqary 10.6 115.0 Z4.0 209 ~relar~d 3.1 37.0 7.7 208 Italy 56.0 784.0 154.0 196 Costa Rica 2.0 8.4 1.6 190 *Egypt 38.0 53.0 10.0 189 Pakistan 70.0 47.0 8.8 187 india 610.0 427.0 80.0 187 Arqentina 25.7 1G4.~ 30.0 183 Japan 112.0 2055.0 483.0 182 - *Chana 10.3 22.0 4.0 182 *CemBroon 5.8 7.5 1.4 180 Chine 839.0 1310.0 230.0 176 (table continued on following paqel 19 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Electric Power, contitnued 1 2 3 4 Y Ygrael 3.4 5?.0 10.0 175 Malaysia 12.3 39.0 6.5 167 Spain 36.0 500.0 83.0 166 Auetria 7.5 192.0 31.0 161 erazfl 109.0 501.0 78.C 156 portuqal 8.8 70.0 10.8 154 - Greece 9.0 ~.05.0 16.0 152 Thailand 43.0 64.5 9.8 152 ' ~ Augtralia 13.5 450.0 68.0 151 - Uruguay 3.0 17.3 2.6 150 Venezuela 12.3 144.0 21.0 146 FRG 61.5 2146.0 312.0 145 Peru 16.0 58.0 8.3 143 - Philippines ~f3.8 74.0 10.4 140 Mexico 62.3 349.0 46.0 131 Netherlands 13.8 421.0 55.0 131 Belgium 9.8 321.0 41.0 128 Bolivia 5.8 8.0 1.0 125 Switzerland 6.4 275.0 33.0 120 France 53.0 1675.~ 196.0 117 , *Mauritius 0.9 2.4 0.27 112 Denmark 5.0 179.0 20.0 112 Honduras 3.0 4.5 0.5 111 Turkey 40.0 188.0 18.0 96 *Ivory Caast 4.9 12.0 1.11 93 _ *Nbrocco 17.8 37.0 3.0 81 *Benin 3.2 2.0 0.16 80 *Seneqal 4.0 6.4 0.48 75 *Tunisia 6.0 2G.0 1.5 75 Syria 7,6 2~.0 1.6 73 Iran 33.0 218.0 15.7 72 ~ *Kenya 13.8 13.8 1.0 72 Afqhanistan 19.3 11.2 0.8 71 Ecuador 6.7 20.0 1.3 65 � - *Alqeria Y7.3 60.5 3.7 61 . Guaxentala 6.2 18.0 1.0 56 *Uqanda 11.5 13.0 0.'r 54 *Gabon 0.5 6.0 0.32 53 Burma 31.0 15.0 0.8 53 *Ethiopia 28.0 12.0 O.b 50 Iraq 11.0 69.0 3.4 49 Banqlades:~ 76.0 35.0 1.4 39 *Nadagascar a.0 6.4 G.24 37 _ _ *Ma1i 5.7 2.3 0.08 35 [table continued on followinq paqe] 20 FOR OFFICIAL USE OPJI.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 1Clectric Power, continued 1 2 3 4 ` *Nigeria 63.0 88.0 3.2 36 *Congo 1.4 3.0 0.1 33 _ *Centr~l African Empire 1.7 1.7 0.05 30 - Indonesia 136.0 116.0 3.4 29 *Niger 4.7 2.8 0.08 29 *Chad 4.0 2.0 0.05 2S *Upper Volta 6.0 2.4 0.06 25 - *Mauritania 1.3 1.7 0.04 24 - *Guinea 4.4 26.0 0.5 19 *Libya 2.4 55.0 0.9 16 Saudi Arabia 9,0 200.0 2.0 10 1 27. _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010002-7 ~ ' 1~"OR OKPICIAL U5~ ONLY ~ M ~1~OI~Ar'~Mh! 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